The Use of Secondary Sources in Bram Stokers Dracula

Bram Stoker uses secondary sources all throughout his novel in order to enhance the novel. He inserts a number of journal entries, newspaper articles, etc. instead of using a narrative point of view. By doing this, he has helped the reader understand more about what is going on, almost as if they are getting a behind-the-scenes view on the story, emotionally and physically. If Stoker had only used a narrative point of view, the reader wouldn’t know the character’s thoughts, emotions, or anything they were feeling at that moment. The person telling the story wouldn’t be able to tell exactly what was going through the character’s head; they would only be able to give an overview. In â€Å"Use of the Diary Form Narrative in the Novel Dracula,† the†¦show more content†¦It automatically gives the story an eerie feel by the way he explains the people and surroundings on his trip. This journal entry was significant in setting up the feel and plot of the story. Another example of an important journal entry was when Mina would write about being scared of what was happening to Jonathan. To his face and to other people, Mina would present herself as though she wasn’t worried at all about Jonathan being away at Castle Dracula; however, in her journals she wrote her true emotions, which told an opposing story. This gave the reader an insight into what she really thought. In her journal, she couldn’t conceal what she was feeling at the moment, and without knowing her true emotions, the reader might have missed out on valuable points. This could have easily happened had the story been told from a narrative point of view. Letters also play a major part in the story. Mina and Lucy continuously write letters back and forth about dissimilar situations they are encountering at the time. They often told each other things that the reader would never know had it not been coming straight from them. While they are writing back and forth, it keeps them linked within the novel. The author didn’t have to keep going back and forth telling what each character was doing at the time; he just let their letters tell. The letters back and forth also display thoughts that probably wouldn’t be exposedShow MoreRelated Gender in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay2700 Words   |  11 PagesGender in Bram Stokers Dracula During the Victorian Era, women struggled to attain gender equality by challenging the traditional roles that defined them. These women no longer wanted to remain passive and obey the demands of their husbands nor be domestic and the caretakers of their children. They strived to attain the role of a New Woman, an intelligent, liberated individual who was able to openly express her ideas (Eltis 452). Whereas some women were successful in attaining this newRead More Comparing The Lost Boys, Dracula and Peter-Pan Essay3008 Words   |  13 Pagesin The Lost Boys, Dracula and Peter-Pan  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Lost Boys there are similar occurrences and references to both of the novel Dracula, by Bram Stoker and Peter Pan, by Sir James Barrie. There are many similarities between the three story lines. In the stories of all three works there is a common thread of story it all started with Dracula. The story of Dracula has many components of it used in the film The Lost Boys. The comparison’s begin with the vampire. Dracula is centered around

The Minimum Wage During The Great Depression - 1229 Words

Since the beginning of minimum wage during the Great Depression, the discussion of the how much minimum wage should be has always been occurring. Currently there is a strong push for the minimum wage to be raised, especially as Americans compare the current American rate to other countries’ rates. The New York Times recently reported that unionized Danish fast-food workers are paid more than twice as much as the average fast-food worker in America, and the Danish workers also receive benefits and paid vacation (Salz par. 2). Salz in his article, â€Å"Invitation to a Dialogue: A Challenge to America,† begs America to change its minimum wage rate so as to better take care of Americans. What Salz fails to take into account is the context of the comparison of rates along with the purpose of minimum wage when it was created, the effects of raising the minimum wage, and looking at the costs involved. In Salz’s article he compares the pay of Danish workers to Amer ican workers. This is two different contexts which must be taken into account. One cannot merely compare the dollar amount of pay when the cost of living, workers skill level, and taxes must be taken into consideration. The cost of living is much higher in Europe, for example, than in America. Also, the Danish workers are unionized compared to non-unionized, fast-food workers in America, which begs the question of what are union costs and what is involved with being in a union. In Salz’s article, he assumesShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage During The Great Depression1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Minimum Wage Battle In the United States, the minimum wage was passed during the Great Depression in 1938 to protect the buying power of normal workers in a period in which the â€Å"unemployment rate was still a very high 19 percent† (Sklar, 2009, p. 1). Since that time, there has been significant debate about the controversial topic of raising the federal minimum wage. The federal minimum wage law was created to eliminate unfair practices of sweat shops and manufacturing companies during this timeRead MoreIncrease Minimum Wage During The Great Depression1834 Words   |  8 PagesIncrease Minimum Wage After the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed approximately 121 bills into law. One of these bills included the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 which would ban oppressive child labor, set the maximum workweek at 44 hours and finally, set the minimum hourly wage at 25 cents. President Roosevelt believed that it was the government’s duty to protect against â€Å"starvation wages and intolerable hours† (Grossman). Today, we still follow the principles that PresidentRead MoreEssay on Minimum Wage is The Bare Minimum1018 Words   |  5 PagesMinimum Wage: The Bare Minimum They work hard every day; they stock our store shelves, wash dishes at our restaurants, clean our offices at night, care for our kids during the day...They have in common the minimum wage. And they need a raise, and as you saw, they deserve a raise (Clinton). President Clinton made this speech on the south lawn of the White House at 10:30 a.m. on the 8th of March 2000. He argued for the minimum wage hike to go into effect. He argued for the populationRead More The Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal During the 1930s, America witnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst depression in history. The economic depression that beset the United States and other countries was unique in its severity and its consequences. At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial slump continued throughout the 1930s, shaking theRead MoreTaking Sides : Clashing Views Of United States History By Madaras, Larry And James Sorelle973 Words   |  4 Pageswhether the new deal prolonged the great depression. The great depression refers to an era in US history, which happened from 1929 to 1941 during president Franklin Delano Roosevelt era, and it made the US citizens face economic hard times. The great depression era had much overproduction, inequality in wealth distribution and over borrowing. Consequently, the president implemented the new deal with the aim of saving American citizens from the great depression. However, people had different feelingsRead More The Minimum Wage Should Be Eliminated Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesThe minimum wage is something that F.D.R. put in place a long time ago during the Great Depression. I dont think it worked then. It didnt solve any problems then and it hasnt solved any problems in 50 years. -- John Raese In the United States, the federal government maintains a national minimum wage to protect the purchasing power of ordinary workers. It seems good that the government protects your purchasing power by adjusting the minimum wage with respect to the inflation rate. ItsRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of The Minimum Wage1282 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum Wage Should the government raise minimum wage? Should the government lower or keep the current minimum wage? Minimum wage is a very controversial topic when it is discussed between all parties. For those arguing for minimum wage increase believe that it will bring people living below the poverty line above it. Former President Obama stated, â€Å" no one working forty hours deserves to be living in poverty.† For those arguing against the raise on minimum wage believe that it has more negativeRead MorePresident Fdr : A Nation s Economic Status Is A Great Responsibility That Its Government Has1259 Words   |  6 Pages2016 Resident President Keeping a country’s economic status is a great responsibility that its government has. In America during the 1930’s, the Great Depression spreads its economic disease to Americans, and as a result, many citizens become jobless and homeless. While Americans are under economic depression, little has been done by the government to ameliorate the situation. However, President FDR is the MVP during the Great Depression as he brings economic prosperity and well-being to America byRead MoreJohn Keynes And Friedrich Hayek901 Words   |  4 Pagesof the most influential economic minds of the 20th century. Each of these men’s ideas had a great impact on the economy of numerous countries and helped countries find economic success different times. Keynes and Hayek had opposite ideas on what created a working economy that would be successful and avoid economical depressions like that of the United States great depression and the European depressions that resulted from the two World Wars. Keynes believes that the best way to maintain a strongRead MoreHistory Repeats Itself, A Fight For Fair Wage1178 Words   |  5 Pageshigher wages. In the beginning of the NRA, Roosevelt promulgated a President’s Re-employment Agreement. Employers signed more than 2.3 million agreements, covering 16.3 million employees. Employers agreed to a 35-40 hour workweek, with a minimum wage of $12 to $15 per week. In turn, businesses who signed the agreement displayed a blue eagle over the motto â€Å"We do our part.† Therefore, Patriotic Americans would buy only from â€Å"Blue Eagle†. As a result, the economy would recover from the â€Å"Great Depression†

Marriage And Courtship Of Kyrgyzstan s Society - 955 Words

Marriage and Courtship in Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan’s society is one that has changed yet remained the same as time has passed. Traditional family customs have yet to change but marriage is the area in the society that has changed and continues to change as the influence of westernization continues to spread. Compared to the western society, there are many cultural differences in Kyrgyzstan’s society. Living in the United States of America made this learning experience difficult for me because of the major differences between our two societies. One aspect of the western society and Kyrgyzstan’s society that is different is the view on family customs. In Kyrgyzstan, there are particular gender roles and a family hierarchy that has been followed since the beginning of the society. Women are referred to as the â€Å"custodians of the nation† and their purpose is to birth and raise the kids. More recently women have begun to have more financial authority in the fa mily. Men are the protectors and wealth makers in the family. The hierarchy has always been men (head of the household), women (financial CEO), sons, and then daughters. Daughters are at the end of the hierarchy because their purpose is not to protect or make money. They do not inherit the family money or the family name because they will have been married off to another family. Both sons and daughters are required to obey their parents but the job can be delegated to others. If the parents are not able to serve their purposeShow MoreRelatedCountry Note Book of China17054 Words   |  69 Pagesgreat patriotic poets like Qu Yuan and so on. Chinese society has progressed through five major stages - Primitive Society, Slave Society, Feudal Society, Semi-feudal and Semi-colonial Society, and Socialist Society. The rise and fall of the great dynasties forms a thread that runs through Chinese history, almost from the beginning. Since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China on October 1st, 1949, China has become a socialist society and become stronger and stronger. Chinese History Chronology Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessurprisingly, in September 2006 the Altana/Nycomed, Schwarz Pharma/UCB and Merck KGaA/Serono tie-ups were all announced in the same month. The Japanese government was also calling for consolidation and globalisation of domestic companies, illustrated by the marriage of Yamanouchi and Fujisawa to form Astellas in 2005. As global companies suffered declining RD productivity, Phase 3 failures and product withdrawals, biotechs found themselves with the upper hand in terms of pipeline and innovation. Their investors

Macroeconomics - Problem Set - 2855 Words

(5) An explanation that may explain the lower labor supply in Europe besides taxes is one that Europeans may place a higher weight on leisure relative to working in their preferences than their American counterparts. This would mean that the indiï ¬â‚¬erence curves lean more towards the leisure axis than they lean towards the consumption axis, as is the case in Figure 3. Thus, when the price of leisure falls (i.e. leisure becomes more aï ¬â‚¬ordable), Europeans are more willing to substitute out of consumption (and labor supply) and into leisure. Problem Set 2: Suggested Solutions 2 Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model (40 Raw Points) Taxes in the Real Intertemporal Model This problem studies the eï ¬â‚¬ects of a permanent (lump sum) tax†¦show more content†¦The eï ¬â‚¬ects of this change can be seen in the graph of the labor market in Figure 4(a). A decrease in lump-sum taxes increases the wealth of households and decreases the need to work. Thus, for a given real wage, the labor supply curve shifts in. In order to restore equilibrium in the labor market, the real wage increases from w1 to w2 and the equilibrium level of labor falls from N1 to N2 . Hence, a permanent tax cut yields lower employment in the labor market. As a consequence, the ï ¬ rm produces less output at ï ¬ xed level of  ¯ capital stock (K) and total factor productivity (z) . This eï ¬â‚¬ect is a movement along the production function in the downward direction, as seen in Figure 4(b). Tracing the change over to the aggregate output market shown in Figure 4(c), the aggregate supply curve shifts to the left for every r from Y1s to Y2s . The labor market and the aggregate output market are linked via the ï ¬ rms production function. Figure 4: The Real Intertemporal Model (a) The Labor Market (b) The Production Function 4 2 (c) The Aggregate Goods Market 3) Next, we study the eï ¬â‚¬ect of such a tax decrease on the intertemporal consumption choice in isolation; therefore, use the â€Å"consumption today – consumption tomorrow† diagram to illustrate the eï ¬â‚¬ects of a lump-sum tax decrease on the optimal consumption path, c and c . Make sure you illustrate income and substitution eï ¬â‚¬ects. To make your life simple, assumeShow MoreRelatedEconomics Affects Our Daily Life1576 Words   |  7 Pagesclassified into two main branches, which are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics refers to study of economic aggregates (aggregate demand, aggregate supply etc.) while Microeconomics refers to study of behavior and performance of individual parts of economy such as firm or household. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics includes studying the determination of national output and its growth over the long time. It also applies to the study of problems of recession, level of employment, internationalRead MoreSupply and Demand Simulation Paper886 Words   |  4 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation Paper ECO/365 Week 2 Individual Assignment February 25, 2013 Supply and Demand The analysis will identify two microeconomics and two macroeconomics principles or concepts from the simulation, and explain why each principle or concept is in the category of macroeconomics or microeconomics. The analysis will identify at least one shift of the supply curve, and one shift of the demand curve from the simulation and what causes the shifts. The analysis will showRead MoreTrade Off Between Inflation And Other Macroeconomic Aims1595 Words   |  7 PagesTrade Off Between Inflation And Other Macroeconomic Aims Keeping inflation as low as possible can be undesirable especially when we consider the short run trade-off between inflation and other macroeconomic factors such as output and employment. This can be seen from the AD-AS curve drawn below. Assume that the country is initially at and is the natural level of output in Figure 4. In order to move to a higher level of output, reduce the output gap and unemployment, inflation is inevitable asRead MoreMacroeconomics Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesMacroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of a national economy as a whole. Macroeconomists seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in an economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, and international trade (Wikipedia, 2007). Government tends to use a combination of both monetary and fiscal options when setting policies that deal with the Macroeconomic. Read MoreQuestions On Arbitrage Pricing Theory1493 Words   |  6 Pagesrequire any specific sets of variables to be used, many different factors have been tested. Indeed, the biggest challenge of most studies has been identifying which factors to be used. Historically, most studies have relied on general economic theories or empirical observations. †¢ Motivation (your take on the topic and the motive behind it) This study aims to add values in setting a priori in APT studies by regressing SP financial sectors returns data on various macroeconomic variables. †¢ BriefRead MoreThe Economic Schools Of Thought1445 Words   |  6 PagesFreshwater Economics Macroeconomic schools of thought would be prudent to accept certain aspects of the views of other schools of thought to better understand the scope of economic efficiency through the use of various models aimed at understanding the implications that all actions affect outcome. Like other economic schools of thought, Freshwater developed from previous schools of thought as new macroeconomic ideas were discussed and disputed. Neoclassical synthesis was a postwar movementRead MoreMacroeconomics And Macroeconomics Of Macroeconomics1445 Words   |  6 PagesMacroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning large and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies.[1][2] With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields ineconomics. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, National income, price indices, and the interrelationsRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisionsRead MoreRelationship Between Macro Environment And The Demand For Dairy Product1342 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween the performance of the macroeconomic environment and the demand for dairy products. To begin with, the demand for dairy products are influenced by several factors, for example, the price, price of substitutes, income and demographic effects (Heien and Wessells 1988). Excluding the population factors, the other factors could be affected by macroeconomics. According to Erten and Ocampo (2012), the commodity prices are related to the situation of the macroeconomic. Also, the income distributionRead MoreThe Limits to Macroeconomic Policy Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesThe Limits to Macroeconomic Policy A country’s economy represents an equilibrium driven by the vast workings of many moving parts. Some of these parts include governments, policy makers, trade partners, international investors and banking authorities. Today’s technological advancements have made it easier than ever for monies to traverse national borders quickly and efficiently. This capability facilitates inflows and outflows of capital in response to signals. Not all of these signals are

Dust Mite Resurch Paper Free Essays

Dust Mite I am the common North American Dust Mite. I live almost in every house in the world. Most people do not even know that I am living all over there home because I cannot be seen with the naked eye. We will write a custom essay sample on Dust Mite Resurch Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I love to live in houses that have lots of dust because I thrive in these kinds of conditions. I mostly eat dead skin flakes that fall from humans liven in the house. I am generally two hundred and fifty to three hundred microns in length. That is really small that no one can see me without using a strong microscope. I have eight hairy legs that I use to travel in the house to find dead skin flakes to eat. When I eat dead skin flakes I generally leave waste droppings which have a protein that many people are allergic to. When people go to doctors whey they are sick and the doctor tells them that they are allergic to dust. The doctors just don’t want to tell the patients that they are allergic to my droppings. I mostly spend my time inside a mattress because that is where most of the dead skin flakes are. They are mostly there because people spend a lot of time lying on the mattress sleeping where they just fall off. The scientists have decided to give me my own scientific name. My own scientific name is Dermatophagoides farinae. When I start my day the first thing I do is go around the house to try to find dead skin flakes lying around the carpet or inside the mattress. Most people don’t know that they are sleeping on top of millions of little tiny dust mites. When the female lays eggs, the little baby dust mites are first a larva. Once they have grown up more then they look like regular mites with there strong shells. After that I have found the skin flakes I start to eat them. Hundreds of my friends come with me to find and eat skin because we are all hungry to eat. We dust mites never leave alone we always go to find the dust and skin flakes in big groups because it is always to go in groups because we feel safer when we are in groups. Most people don’t know that a used mattress contains an estimated one hundred thousand to ten million dust mites inside. One thing that most people find that is real nasty is that ten percent of the weight of a two year old pillow is accumulated by dead dust mites and their droppings. We dust mites are every where we can find dust which are full of dead skin flakes. Many people are disgusted after they learn how many dust mites are inside your bed or in your house in general. We dust mites have a really busy life. We dust mites look pretty gruesome. A dust mite has eight hairy legs, no antennae, a mouth part group in front of the body and a rough translucent shell. If you put all those characteristics together you got a fearsome appearance. We might be microscopic but we have many characteristics. If we were bigger many people would be terrified of how gruesome we look. People are not scared of us dust mites because we cannot be seen by them. [pic] North American House Dust Mite †¢ Scientific name – Dermatophagoides farinae †¢ Between 250 to 300 microns in length †¢ In a used mattress between 100,000 to 10,000,000 mites Works cited †¢ http://www. ehso. com/ehshome/dustmites. php †¢ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/House_dust_mite How to cite Dust Mite Resurch Paper, Papers

Outcomes for Children of Incarcerated Parents free essay sample

Most states lack uniform methods of recording the demographic information regarding an inmate’s children. Moreover, many inmates may choose not to identify their children for the fear of the possibility of adverse involvement from various child welfare agencies. A Black child in the United States is nine times more likely than a White child to have a parent in prison. A Hispanic child is three times more likely than a White child to have a parent in prison. More significantly, according to the forecasts for America’s prison population published by the Pew Charitable Trusts, prison populations are expected to continue to increase through 2011. On average, a 13% increase in the growth of prison populations is forecast. The number of female prisoners is expected to grow by 16% for the same period; this rate of growth among female prisoners will outpace the 12% increase anticipated for male inmate populations. Arguably, the number of children with incarcerated parents will increase in proportion to this projected increase in prison inmates. It is widely accepted among criminal justice and social welfare researchers that children of incarcerated parents suffer a myriad of difficulties associated with the incarceration of their parents. The effects on an individual child may vary according to the special developmental and psychological needs of each child. The table below illustrates the developmental stages of childhood, the abilities of a child at each stage, and the possible effects of separation at any given stage. TABLE A: Developmental effects of incarceration on children at varying stages of development. Developmental StateDevelopmental CharacteristicsDevelopmental TasksEffect of Separation Infancy (0 – 2 Years)Limited perception, total dependencyDevelopment of trust and attachmentImpaired parent/child bonding Early Childhood (2 – 6 years)Increased perception, mobility, and improved memory; Greater exposure to environment, able to imagineDevelopment of sense of autonomy; independence, and initiativeInappropriate separation anxiety; Impaired socio-emotional development; Acute traumatic stress and survivor guilt. Middle Childhood ( 7 – 10 years)Increased independence from caregivers, and ability to reason; Peers become importantSense of industry; Ability to work independentlyDevelopmental regressions; Poor self-concept; Acute traumatic stress reactions; Impaired ability to overcome future trauma Late adolescenceEmotional crisis and confusion; Adult sexual development and sexuality; Formal abstract thinking emerges; increased independenceDevelopment of cohesive identity (self); Resolution of conflicts with family and society; Ability to engage in adult work and relationshipsPremature termination of dependency relationship with parent; Intergenerational crime and incarceration Some research has indicated that, while the first two years after a child’s birth are critical for the formation of parent-child attachments, the long-term impact of separation can be reduced if the parent and child are reunited after a short time of separation. Most of the published research is not nearly a s optimistic about the prospects for children of incarcerated parents. The available literature suggests that the short-term effects of parental separation can include feelings of â€Å"shame, social stigma, loss of financial support, weakened ties to the parent, changes in family compositions, poor school performance, increased delinquency, and increased risk of abuse and neglect. The long-term consequences can be nothing short of devastating. They include It is also very important to consider that numerous other factors affect the adjustment of children to the incarceration of a parent. These effects include the nature of a family’s living arrangements prior to incarceration. It stands to reason that many children of incarcerated parents were living with non-parental caregivers prior to the incarceration of a parent. It is proposed that an average of half of inmate parents actually lived with their children before admission to prison. Other effects include the developmental level of the child and the quality of the relationship between incarcerated parent and child, the gender of the incarcerated parent, the nature of the kinship network of the incarcerated parent, and the nature and availability of formal institutional supports for the family of the incarcerated parent should all be considered. INSERT KINSHIP INFORMATION HERE. Historical Context – How Did We Get Here, and Who are â€Å"We? † Between 1970 and 2005, the United States has experienced a 700% increase in the prison population. Since 1997, the incarceration rate has been steadily increasing, while the crime rate has been in relative decline. The War on Drugs started in the 1988 with the passage of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act (PL 100-690), various states’ â€Å"Three-Strikes Laws,† (often referred to as habitual offender laws), Mandatory Minimum Sentencing at both the Federal and State Levels, the Truth in Sentencing Movement, the Victim’s Rights Movement, and a general shift in public opinion favoring incarceration have all converged to create the current situation of record incarceration rates. In recent years, courts have seen the development of new class of female criminal emerge – the minimally-involved drug offender. These women are disparately punished by the current criminal justice system, and seldom know enough about the scope of the drug operation to offer any useful assistance to the prosecutor in trade for more lenient treatment. This offender is personified by Kemba Smith, who, at the time of her arrest was a pregnant, 24 year old Black college student, the only child of professional parents who had been severely battered by her drug-dealing boyfriend, Peter Hall. After Hall was murdered in Seattle, Smith was charged with a federal conspiracy charges. Despite the fact that Smith had no criminal record, and though she had never used drugs, dealt drugs, or handled drugs, she was sentenced to 24 ? ears in Federal Prison for â€Å"her part† in the trafficking of 255 kilograms of crack cocaine. Her child was born while she was incarcerated, and within minutes of his birth, she was shacked to the hospital bed. Two days later, her child was taken away from her. She remained incarcerated u ntil President William Clinton granted her clemency on December 22, 2000. Federal prosecutors can gain some distinct advantages by charging a defendant as part of a conspiracy. The burden of proof for a conspiracy charge requires only a showing of the essential nature of the plan, and the alleged conspirator’s connection to it. Circumstantial evidence alone is often enough to secure a conspiracy conviction. As a result, poor and frequently minority women are disproportionately charged in such conspiracies. Legal scholars point out that â€Å"in contrast to women of circumstance, the wife of a white-collar criminal is usually shielded from her husband’s criminal activity. The wife or â€Å"live-in companion† of a drug dealer who sells his wares on the street or from the home is not equally sheltered. Both of these women arguably know about or at least suspect the criminal activities of their mates, and both of these women arguably benefit from the proceeds of these illegal endeavors. The wife of the white-collar will almost certainly not be considered for charging as part of a criminal conspiracy. Poor Black and Hispanic defendants, male and female alike, find themselves at the nexus of these causal phenomena, and the apparent injustices in the administration of justice. Their children and families are caught in the crosshair. Dedicated researchers, criminal justice and social services policy-makers and professionals, attorneys and judges, together with legions of lay volunteers will all be needed to help improve the outcomes for these vulnerable children. On January 28, 2003 in President George W. Bush’s State of the Union Address, the President states, in pertinent part: â€Å"Last year, I called on my fellow citizens to participate in the USA Freedom Corps, which is enlisting tens of thousands of new volunteers across America. Tonight I ask Congress and the American people to focus the spirit of service and the resources of government on the needs of some of our most vulnerable citizens – boys and girls trying to grow up without guidance and attention, and children who have to go through a prison gate to be hugged by their mom or dad. I propose a $450-million initiative to bring mentors to more than a million disadvantaged junior high students and children of prisoners. Government will support the training and recruiting of mentors; yet it is the men and women of America who will fill the need. One mentor, on person can change a life forever. And I urge you to be that one person. The President’s call sounds heroic, indeed. Notwithstanding his impassioned, and arguably symbolic, pleas to the American public, the initiative was funded for $49. 7M in Fiscal Year 2004, $49. 3M for Fiscal Year 2005, and $48. 8M for Fiscal Year 2006. $40M has been requested by the Bush administration for Fiscal Yea r 2007. Based upon estimates of approximately 2. 8M children of incarcerated parents, these appropriations amount to approximately $67. 00 per child, over four years of allocations. The Mentoring Children of Prisoners Program (MCP) is administered through the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Family and Youth Services Bureau (FSYB). The purpose of the MCP is to provide grants, on a competitive basis, to applicants serving populations with a significant number of children aged 4 15 with incarcerated parent(s). The grantees are expected to provide a structured, managed program in which children are matched appropriately to properly screened and trained adult volunteers. These volunteers are expected to form individual relationships with the children to meet the child’s needs for involvement with a caring adult who can be a positive role model for the child. Grantees are expected to find mentors who are willing to commit at least one hour per week with their assigned child. They are required to pass background screenings that include domestic violence and child abuse history checks, and then require these mentors to attend training. The grantees are expected to measure the outcomes by recording data concerning the child’s academic achievement, and avoidance of risky behaviors. Grantees are expected to provide a match of at least 25% of the grants awarded to them for the first two appropriation years, and a 50% match for the third year. The source of the matching funds must not be federal funds. Fifty programs, some faith based, some government-operated, and most secular non-profits were awarded grants in the 2003 Fiscal Year. Collectively, these programs represent 30 of the 50 states. Grantees represent a mix of urban and rural organizations from diverse regions of the United States. Grantees collectively state goals of mentoring 12,141 children in FY 2003. Initially, it was speculated that the opposition of incarcerated parents would be a barrier to successful implementation of MCP. For the most part, parents have expressed positive attitudes toward the mentors, and some have expressed a wish to keep the mentors involved in the lives of their children. Interestingly, one of the most vigorous critics of the program is a child of incarcerated parents. Chesa Boudin, a then-23 year old woman from New York, characterizes Bush’s mentoring programs as â€Å"misguided,† and contends that mentors could actually serve to undermine the relationship between incarcerated parent and child, only to disappear after the end of the program.